Benchmarking USB Drives with Shell Scripts – Part 2: Evolving the Script with ChatGPT
Introduction
In my previous post, I shared the story of why I needed a new USB stick and how I used ChatGPT to write a benchmark script that could measure read performance across various methods. In this follow-up, I will dive into the technical details of how the script evolved—from a basic prototype into a robust and feature-rich tool—thanks to incremental refinements and some AI-assisted development.
Starting Simple: The First Version
The initial idea was simple: read a file using dd
and measure the speed.
dd if=/media/amedee/Ventoy/ISO/ubuntu-24.10-desktop-amd64.iso \
of=/dev/null bs=8k
That worked, but I quickly ran into limitations:
- No progress indicator
- Hardcoded file paths
- No USB auto-detection
- No cache flushing, leading to inflated results when repeating the measurement
With ChatGPT’s help, I started addressing each of these issues one by one.
Tools check
On a default Ubuntu installation, some tools are available by default, while others (especially benchmarking tools) usually need to be installed separately.
Tools used in the script:
Tool | Installed by default? | Needs require ? |
---|---|---|
hdparm | ❌ Not installed | ✅ Yes |
dd | ✅ Yes | ❌ No |
pv | ❌ Not installed | ✅ Yes |
cat | ✅ Yes | ❌ No |
ioping | ❌ Not installed | ✅ Yes |
fio | ❌ Not installed | ✅ Yes |
lsblk | ✅ Yes (in util-linux ) | ❌ No |
awk | ✅ Yes (in gawk ) | ❌ No |
grep | ✅ Yes | ❌ No |
basename | ✅ Yes (in coreutils ) | ❌ No |
find | ✅ Yes | ❌ No |
sort | ✅ Yes | ❌ No |
stat | ✅ Yes | ❌ No |
This function ensures the system has all tools needed for benchmarking. It exits early if any tool is missing.
This was the initial version:
check_required_tools() {
local required_tools=(dd pv hdparm fio ioping awk grep sed tr bc stat lsblk find sort)
for tool in "${required_tools[@]}"; do
if ! command -v "$tool" &>/dev/null; then
echo "❌ Required tool '$tool' is not installed."
exit 1
fi
done
}
That’s already nice, but maybe I just want to run the script anyway if some of the tools are missing.
This is a more advanced version:
ALL_TOOLS=(hdparm dd pv ioping fio lsblk stat grep awk find sort basename column gnuplot)
MISSING_TOOLS=()
require() {
if ! command -v "$1" >/dev/null; then
return 1
fi
return 0
}
check_required_tools() {
echo "🔍 Checking required tools..."
for tool in "${ALL_TOOLS[@]}"; do
if ! require "$tool"; then
MISSING_TOOLS+=("$tool")
fi
done
if [[ ${#MISSING_TOOLS[@]} -gt 0 ]]; then
echo "⚠️ The following tools are missing: ${MISSING_TOOLS[*]}"
echo "You can install them using: sudo apt install ${MISSING_TOOLS[*]}"
if [[ -z "$FORCE_YES" ]]; then
read -rp "Do you want to continue and skip tests that require them? (y/N): " yn
case $yn in
[Yy]*)
echo "Continuing with limited tests..."
;;
*)
echo "Aborting. Please install the required tools."
exit 1
;;
esac
else
echo "Continuing with limited tests (auto-confirmed)..."
fi
else
echo "✅ All required tools are available."
fi
}
Device Auto-Detection
One early challenge was identifying which device was the USB stick. I wanted the script to automatically detect a mounted USB device. My first version was clunky and error-prone.
detect_usb() {
USB_DEVICE=$(lsblk -o NAME,TRAN,MOUNTPOINT -J | jq -r '.blockdevices[] | select(.tran=="usb") | .name' | head -n1)
if [[ -z "$USB_DEVICE" ]]; then
echo "❌ No USB device detected."
exit 1
fi
USB_PATH="/dev/$USB_DEVICE"
MOUNT_PATH=$(lsblk -no MOUNTPOINT "$USB_PATH" | head -n1)
if [[ -z "$MOUNT_PATH" ]]; then
echo "❌ USB device is not mounted."
exit 1
fi
echo "✅ Using USB device: $USB_PATH"
echo "✅ Mounted at: $MOUNT_PATH"
}
After a few iterations, we (ChatGPT and I) settled on parsing lsblk
with filters on tran=usb
and hotplug=1
, and selecting the first mounted partition.
We also added a fallback prompt in case auto-detection failed.
detect_usb() {
if [[ -n "$USB_DEVICE" ]]; then
echo "📎 Using provided USB device: $USB_DEVICE"
MOUNT_PATH=$(lsblk -no MOUNTPOINT "$USB_DEVICE")
return
fi
echo "🔍 Detecting USB device..."
USB_DEVICE=""
while read -r dev tran hotplug type _; do
if [[ "$tran" == "usb" && "$hotplug" == "1" && "$type" == "disk" ]]; then
base="/dev/$dev"
part=$(lsblk -nr -o NAME,MOUNTPOINT "$base" | awk '$2 != "" {print "/dev/"$1; exit}')
if [[ -n "$part" ]]; then
USB_DEVICE="$part"
break
fi
fi
done < <(lsblk -o NAME,TRAN,HOTPLUG,TYPE,MOUNTPOINT -nr)
if [ -z "$USB_DEVICE" ]; then
echo "❌ No mounted USB partition found on any USB disk."
lsblk -o NAME,TRAN,HOTPLUG,TYPE,SIZE,MOUNTPOINT -nr | grep part
read -rp "Enter the USB device path manually (e.g., /dev/sdc1): " USB_DEVICE
fi
MOUNT_PATH=$(lsblk -no MOUNTPOINT "$USB_DEVICE")
if [ -z "$MOUNT_PATH" ]; then
echo "❌ USB device is not mounted."
exit 1
fi
echo "✅ Using USB device: $USB_DEVICE"
echo "✅ Mounted at: $MOUNT_PATH"
}
Finding the Test File
To avoid hardcoding filenames, we implemented logic to search for the latest Ubuntu ISO on the USB stick.
find_ubuntu_iso() {
# Function to find an Ubuntu ISO on the USB device
find "$MOUNT_PATH" -type f -regextype posix-extended \
-regex ".*/ubuntu-[0-9]{2}\.[0-9]{2}-desktop-amd64\\.iso" | sort -V | tail -n1
}
Later, we enhanced it to accept a user-provided file, and even verify that the file was located on the USB stick. If it was not, the script would gracefully fall back to the Ubuntu ISO search.
find_test_file() {
if [[ -n "$TEST_FILE" ]]; then
echo "📎 Using provided test file: $(basename "$TEST_FILE")"
# Check if the provided test file is on the USB device
TEST_FILE_MOUNT_PATH=$(realpath "$TEST_FILE" | grep -oP "^$MOUNT_PATH")
if [[ -z "$TEST_FILE_MOUNT_PATH" ]]; then
echo "❌ The provided test file is not located on the USB device."
# Look for an Ubuntu ISO if it's not on the USB
TEST_FILE=$(find_ubuntu_iso)
fi
else
TEST_FILE=$(find_ubuntu_iso)
fi
if [ -z "$TEST_FILE" ]; then
echo "❌ No valid test file found."
exit 1
fi
if [[ "$TEST_FILE" =~ ubuntu-[0-9]{2}\.[0-9]{2}-desktop-amd64\.iso ]]; then
UBUNTU_VERSION=$(basename "$TEST_FILE" | grep -oP 'ubuntu-\d{2}\.\d{2}')
echo "🧪 Selected Ubuntu version: $UBUNTU_VERSION"
else
echo "📎 Selected test file: $(basename "$TEST_FILE")"
fi
}
Read Methods and Speed Extraction
To get a comprehensive view, we added multiple methods:
hdparm
(direct disk access)dd
(simple block read)dd + pv
(with progress bar)cat + pv
(alternative stream reader)ioping
(random access)fio
(customizable benchmark tool)
if require hdparm; then
drop_caches
speed=$(sudo hdparm -t --direct "$USB_DEVICE" 2>/dev/null | extract_speed)
mb=$(speed_to_mb "$speed")
echo "${idx}. ${TEST_NAMES[$idx]}: $speed"
TOTAL_MB[$idx]=$(echo "${TOTAL_MB[$idx]} + $mb" | bc)
echo "${TEST_NAMES[$idx]},$run,$mb" >> "$CSVFILE"
fi
((idx++))
drop_caches
speed=$(dd if="$TEST_FILE" of=/dev/null bs=8k 2>&1 |& extract_speed)
mb=$(speed_to_mb "$speed")
echo "${idx}. ${TEST_NAMES[$idx]}: $speed"
TOTAL_MB[$idx]=$(echo "${TOTAL_MB[$idx]} + $mb" | bc)
echo "${TEST_NAMES[$idx]},$run,$mb" >> "$CSVFILE"
((idx++))
if require pv; then
drop_caches
FILESIZE=$(stat -c%s "$TEST_FILE")
speed=$(dd if="$TEST_FILE" bs=8k status=none | pv -s "$FILESIZE" -f -X 2>&1 | extract_speed)
mb=$(speed_to_mb "$speed")
echo "${idx}. ${TEST_NAMES[$idx]}: $speed"
TOTAL_MB[$idx]=$(echo "${TOTAL_MB[$idx]} + $mb" | bc)
echo "${TEST_NAMES[$idx]},$run,$mb" >> "$CSVFILE"
fi
((idx++))
if require pv; then
drop_caches
speed=$(cat "$TEST_FILE" | pv -f -X 2>&1 | extract_speed)
mb=$(speed_to_mb "$speed")
echo "${idx}. ${TEST_NAMES[$idx]}: $speed"
TOTAL_MB[$idx]=$(echo "${TOTAL_MB[$idx]} + $mb" | bc)
echo "${TEST_NAMES[$idx]},$run,$mb" >> "$CSVFILE"
fi
((idx++))
if require ioping; then
drop_caches
speed=$(ioping -c 10 -A "$USB_DEVICE" 2>/dev/null | grep 'read' | extract_speed)
mb=$(speed_to_mb "$speed")
echo "${idx}. ${TEST_NAMES[$idx]}: $speed"
TOTAL_MB[$idx]=$(echo "${TOTAL_MB[$idx]} + $mb" | bc)
echo "${TEST_NAMES[$idx]},$run,$mb" >> "$CSVFILE"
fi
((idx++))
if require fio; then
drop_caches
speed=$(fio --name=readtest --filename="$TEST_FILE" --direct=1 --rw=read --bs=8k \
--size=100M --ioengine=libaio --iodepth=16 --runtime=5s --time_based --readonly \
--minimal 2>/dev/null | awk -F';' '{print $6" KB/s"}' | extract_speed)
mb=$(speed_to_mb "$speed")
echo "${idx}. ${TEST_NAMES[$idx]}: $speed"
TOTAL_MB[$idx]=$(echo "${TOTAL_MB[$idx]} + $mb" | bc)
echo "${TEST_NAMES[$idx]},$run,$mb" >> "$CSVFILE"
fi
Parsing their outputs proved tricky. For example, pv
outputs speed with or without spaces, and with different units. We created a robust extract_speed
function with regex, and a speed_to_mb
function that could handle both MB/s
and MiB/s
, with or without a space between value and unit.
extract_speed() {
grep -oP '(?i)[\d.,]+\s*[KMG]i?B/s' | tail -1 | sed 's/,/./'
}
speed_to_mb() {
if [[ "$1" =~ ([0-9.,]+)[[:space:]]*([a-zA-Z/]+) ]]; then
value="${BASH_REMATCH[1]}"
unit=$(echo "${BASH_REMATCH[2]}" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
else
echo "0"
return
fi
case "$unit" in
kb/s) awk -v v="$value" 'BEGIN { printf "%.2f", v / 1000 }' ;;
mb/s) awk -v v="$value" 'BEGIN { printf "%.2f", v }' ;;
gb/s) awk -v v="$value" 'BEGIN { printf "%.2f", v * 1000 }' ;;
kib/s) awk -v v="$value" 'BEGIN { printf "%.2f", v / 1024 }' ;;
mib/s) awk -v v="$value" 'BEGIN { printf "%.2f", v }' ;;
gib/s) awk -v v="$value" 'BEGIN { printf "%.2f", v * 1024 }' ;;
*) echo "0" ;;
esac
}
Dropping Caches for Accurate Results
To prevent cached reads from skewing the results, each test run begins by dropping system caches using:
sync && echo 3 | sudo tee /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
What it does:
Command | Purpose |
---|---|
sync | Flushes all dirty (pending write) pages to disk |
echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches | Clears page cache, dentries, and inodes from RAM |
We wrapped this in a helper function and used it consistently.
Multiple Runs and Averaging
We made the script repeat each test N times (default: 3), collect results, compute averages, and display a summary at the end.
echo "📊 Read-only USB benchmark started ($RUNS run(s))"
echo "==================================="
declare -A TEST_NAMES=(
[1]="hdparm"
[2]="dd"
[3]="dd + pv"
[4]="cat + pv"
[5]="ioping"
[6]="fio"
)
declare -A TOTAL_MB
for i in {1..6}; do TOTAL_MB[$i]=0; done
CSVFILE="usb-benchmark-$(date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S).csv"
echo "Test,Run,Speed (MB/s)" > "$CSVFILE"
for ((run=1; run<=RUNS; run++)); do
echo "▶ Run $run"
idx=1
### tests run here
echo "📄 Summary of average results for $UBUNTU_VERSION:"
echo "==================================="
SUMMARY_TABLE=""
for i in {1..6}; do
if [[ ${TOTAL_MB[$i]} != 0 ]]; then
avg=$(echo "scale=2; ${TOTAL_MB[$i]} / $RUNS" | bc)
echo "${TEST_NAMES[$i]} average: $avg MB/s"
RESULTS+=("${TEST_NAMES[$i]} average: $avg MB/s")
SUMMARY_TABLE+="${TEST_NAMES[$i]},$avg\n"
fi
done
Output Formats
To make the results user-friendly, we added:
- A clean table view
- CSV export for spreadsheets
- Log file for later reference
if [[ "$VISUAL" == "table" || "$VISUAL" == "both" ]]; then
echo -e "📋 Table view:"
echo -e "Test Method,Average MB/s\n$SUMMARY_TABLE" | column -t -s ','
fi
if [[ "$VISUAL" == "bar" || "$VISUAL" == "both" ]]; then
if require gnuplot; then
echo -e "$SUMMARY_TABLE" | awk -F',' '{print $1" "$2}' | \
gnuplot -p -e "
set terminal dumb;
set title 'USB Read Benchmark Results ($UBUNTU_VERSION)';
set xlabel 'Test Method';
set ylabel 'MB/s';
plot '-' using 2:xtic(1) with boxes notitle
"
fi
fi
LOGFILE="usb-benchmark-$(date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S).log"
{
echo "Benchmark for USB device: $USB_DEVICE"
echo "Mounted at: $MOUNT_PATH"
echo "Ubuntu version: $UBUNTU_VERSION"
echo "Test file: $TEST_FILE"
echo "Timestamp: $(date)"
echo "Number of runs: $RUNS"
echo ""
echo "Read speed averages:"
for line in "${RESULTS[@]}"; do
echo "$line"
done
} > "$LOGFILE"
echo "📝 Results saved to: $LOGFILE"
echo "📈 CSV exported to: $CSVFILE"
echo "==================================="
The Full Script
Here is the complete version of the script used to benchmark the read performance of a USB drive:
#!/bin/bash
# ==========================
# CONFIGURATION
# ==========================
RESULTS=()
USB_DEVICE=""
TEST_FILE=""
RUNS=1
VISUAL="none"
SUMMARY=0
# (Consider grouping related configuration into a config file or associative array if script expands)
# ==========================
# ARGUMENT PARSING
# ==========================
while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
case $1 in
--device)
USB_DEVICE="$2"
shift 2
;;
--file)
TEST_FILE="$2"
shift 2
;;
--runs)
RUNS="$2"
shift 2
;;
--visual)
VISUAL="$2"
shift 2
;;
--summary)
SUMMARY=1
shift
;;
--yes|--force)
FORCE_YES=1
shift
;;
*)
echo "Unknown option: $1"
exit 1
;;
esac
done
# ==========================
# TOOL CHECK
# ==========================
ALL_TOOLS=(hdparm dd pv ioping fio lsblk stat grep awk find sort basename column gnuplot)
MISSING_TOOLS=()
require() {
if ! command -v "$1" >/dev/null; then
return 1
fi
return 0
}
check_required_tools() {
echo "🔍 Checking required tools..."
for tool in "${ALL_TOOLS[@]}"; do
if ! require "$tool"; then
MISSING_TOOLS+=("$tool")
fi
done
if [[ ${#MISSING_TOOLS[@]} -gt 0 ]]; then
echo "⚠️ The following tools are missing: ${MISSING_TOOLS[*]}"
echo "You can install them using: sudo apt install ${MISSING_TOOLS[*]}"
if [[ -z "$FORCE_YES" ]]; then
read -rp "Do you want to continue and skip tests that require them? (y/N): " yn
case $yn in
[Yy]*)
echo "Continuing with limited tests..."
;;
*)
echo "Aborting. Please install the required tools."
exit 1
;;
esac
else
echo "Continuing with limited tests (auto-confirmed)..."
fi
else
echo "✅ All required tools are available."
fi
}
# ==========================
# AUTO-DETECT USB DEVICE
# ==========================
detect_usb() {
if [[ -n "$USB_DEVICE" ]]; then
echo "📎 Using provided USB device: $USB_DEVICE"
MOUNT_PATH=$(lsblk -no MOUNTPOINT "$USB_DEVICE")
return
fi
echo "🔍 Detecting USB device..."
USB_DEVICE=""
while read -r dev tran hotplug type _; do
if [[ "$tran" == "usb" && "$hotplug" == "1" && "$type" == "disk" ]]; then
base="/dev/$dev"
part=$(lsblk -nr -o NAME,MOUNTPOINT "$base" | awk '$2 != "" {print "/dev/"$1; exit}')
if [[ -n "$part" ]]; then
USB_DEVICE="$part"
break
fi
fi
done < <(lsblk -o NAME,TRAN,HOTPLUG,TYPE,MOUNTPOINT -nr)
if [ -z "$USB_DEVICE" ]; then
echo "❌ No mounted USB partition found on any USB disk."
lsblk -o NAME,TRAN,HOTPLUG,TYPE,SIZE,MOUNTPOINT -nr | grep part
read -rp "Enter the USB device path manually (e.g., /dev/sdc1): " USB_DEVICE
fi
MOUNT_PATH=$(lsblk -no MOUNTPOINT "$USB_DEVICE")
if [ -z "$MOUNT_PATH" ]; then
echo "❌ USB device is not mounted."
exit 1
fi
echo "✅ Using USB device: $USB_DEVICE"
echo "✅ Mounted at: $MOUNT_PATH"
}
# ==========================
# FIND TEST FILE
# ==========================
find_ubuntu_iso() {
# Function to find an Ubuntu ISO on the USB device
find "$MOUNT_PATH" -type f -regextype posix-extended \
-regex ".*/ubuntu-[0-9]{2}\.[0-9]{2}-desktop-amd64\\.iso" | sort -V | tail -n1
}
find_test_file() {
if [[ -n "$TEST_FILE" ]]; then
echo "📎 Using provided test file: $(basename "$TEST_FILE")"
# Check if the provided test file is on the USB device
TEST_FILE_MOUNT_PATH=$(realpath "$TEST_FILE" | grep -oP "^$MOUNT_PATH")
if [[ -z "$TEST_FILE_MOUNT_PATH" ]]; then
echo "❌ The provided test file is not located on the USB device."
# Look for an Ubuntu ISO if it's not on the USB
TEST_FILE=$(find_ubuntu_iso)
fi
else
TEST_FILE=$(find_ubuntu_iso)
fi
if [ -z "$TEST_FILE" ]; then
echo "❌ No valid test file found."
exit 1
fi
if [[ "$TEST_FILE" =~ ubuntu-[0-9]{2}\.[0-9]{2}-desktop-amd64\.iso ]]; then
UBUNTU_VERSION=$(basename "$TEST_FILE" | grep -oP 'ubuntu-\d{2}\.\d{2}')
echo "🧪 Selected Ubuntu version: $UBUNTU_VERSION"
else
echo "📎 Selected test file: $(basename "$TEST_FILE")"
fi
}
# ==========================
# SPEED EXTRACTION
# ==========================
extract_speed() {
grep -oP '(?i)[\d.,]+\s*[KMG]i?B/s' | tail -1 | sed 's/,/./'
}
speed_to_mb() {
if [[ "$1" =~ ([0-9.,]+)[[:space:]]*([a-zA-Z/]+) ]]; then
value="${BASH_REMATCH[1]}"
unit=$(echo "${BASH_REMATCH[2]}" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
else
echo "0"
return
fi
case "$unit" in
kb/s) awk -v v="$value" 'BEGIN { printf "%.2f", v / 1000 }' ;;
mb/s) awk -v v="$value" 'BEGIN { printf "%.2f", v }' ;;
gb/s) awk -v v="$value" 'BEGIN { printf "%.2f", v * 1000 }' ;;
kib/s) awk -v v="$value" 'BEGIN { printf "%.2f", v / 1024 }' ;;
mib/s) awk -v v="$value" 'BEGIN { printf "%.2f", v }' ;;
gib/s) awk -v v="$value" 'BEGIN { printf "%.2f", v * 1024 }' ;;
*) echo "0" ;;
esac
}
drop_caches() {
echo "🧹 Dropping system caches..."
if [[ $EUID -ne 0 ]]; then
echo " (requires sudo)"
fi
sudo sh -c "sync && echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches"
}
# ==========================
# RUN BENCHMARKS
# ==========================
run_benchmarks() {
echo "📊 Read-only USB benchmark started ($RUNS run(s))"
echo "==================================="
declare -A TEST_NAMES=(
[1]="hdparm"
[2]="dd"
[3]="dd + pv"
[4]="cat + pv"
[5]="ioping"
[6]="fio"
)
declare -A TOTAL_MB
for i in {1..6}; do TOTAL_MB[$i]=0; done
CSVFILE="usb-benchmark-$(date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S).csv"
echo "Test,Run,Speed (MB/s)" > "$CSVFILE"
for ((run=1; run<=RUNS; run++)); do
echo "▶ Run $run"
idx=1
if require hdparm; then
drop_caches
speed=$(sudo hdparm -t --direct "$USB_DEVICE" 2>/dev/null | extract_speed)
mb=$(speed_to_mb "$speed")
echo "${idx}. ${TEST_NAMES[$idx]}: $speed"
TOTAL_MB[$idx]=$(echo "${TOTAL_MB[$idx]} + $mb" | bc)
echo "${TEST_NAMES[$idx]},$run,$mb" >> "$CSVFILE"
fi
((idx++))
drop_caches
speed=$(dd if="$TEST_FILE" of=/dev/null bs=8k 2>&1 |& extract_speed)
mb=$(speed_to_mb "$speed")
echo "${idx}. ${TEST_NAMES[$idx]}: $speed"
TOTAL_MB[$idx]=$(echo "${TOTAL_MB[$idx]} + $mb" | bc)
echo "${TEST_NAMES[$idx]},$run,$mb" >> "$CSVFILE"
((idx++))
if require pv; then
drop_caches
FILESIZE=$(stat -c%s "$TEST_FILE")
speed=$(dd if="$TEST_FILE" bs=8k status=none | pv -s "$FILESIZE" -f -X 2>&1 | extract_speed)
mb=$(speed_to_mb "$speed")
echo "${idx}. ${TEST_NAMES[$idx]}: $speed"
TOTAL_MB[$idx]=$(echo "${TOTAL_MB[$idx]} + $mb" | bc)
echo "${TEST_NAMES[$idx]},$run,$mb" >> "$CSVFILE"
fi
((idx++))
if require pv; then
drop_caches
speed=$(cat "$TEST_FILE" | pv -f -X 2>&1 | extract_speed)
mb=$(speed_to_mb "$speed")
echo "${idx}. ${TEST_NAMES[$idx]}: $speed"
TOTAL_MB[$idx]=$(echo "${TOTAL_MB[$idx]} + $mb" | bc)
echo "${TEST_NAMES[$idx]},$run,$mb" >> "$CSVFILE"
fi
((idx++))
if require ioping; then
drop_caches
speed=$(ioping -c 10 -A "$USB_DEVICE" 2>/dev/null | grep 'read' | extract_speed)
mb=$(speed_to_mb "$speed")
echo "${idx}. ${TEST_NAMES[$idx]}: $speed"
TOTAL_MB[$idx]=$(echo "${TOTAL_MB[$idx]} + $mb" | bc)
echo "${TEST_NAMES[$idx]},$run,$mb" >> "$CSVFILE"
fi
((idx++))
if require fio; then
drop_caches
speed=$(fio --name=readtest --filename="$TEST_FILE" --direct=1 --rw=read --bs=8k \
--size=100M --ioengine=libaio --iodepth=16 --runtime=5s --time_based --readonly \
--minimal 2>/dev/null | awk -F';' '{print $6" KB/s"}' | extract_speed)
mb=$(speed_to_mb "$speed")
echo "${idx}. ${TEST_NAMES[$idx]}: $speed"
TOTAL_MB[$idx]=$(echo "${TOTAL_MB[$idx]} + $mb" | bc)
echo "${TEST_NAMES[$idx]},$run,$mb" >> "$CSVFILE"
fi
done
echo "📄 Summary of average results for $UBUNTU_VERSION:"
echo "==================================="
SUMMARY_TABLE=""
for i in {1..6}; do
if [[ ${TOTAL_MB[$i]} != 0 ]]; then
avg=$(echo "scale=2; ${TOTAL_MB[$i]} / $RUNS" | bc)
echo "${TEST_NAMES[$i]} average: $avg MB/s"
RESULTS+=("${TEST_NAMES[$i]} average: $avg MB/s")
SUMMARY_TABLE+="${TEST_NAMES[$i]},$avg\n"
fi
done
if [[ "$VISUAL" == "table" || "$VISUAL" == "both" ]]; then
echo -e "📋 Table view:"
echo -e "Test Method,Average MB/s\n$SUMMARY_TABLE" | column -t -s ','
fi
if [[ "$VISUAL" == "bar" || "$VISUAL" == "both" ]]; then
if require gnuplot; then
echo -e "$SUMMARY_TABLE" | awk -F',' '{print $1" "$2}' | \
gnuplot -p -e "
set terminal dumb;
set title 'USB Read Benchmark Results ($UBUNTU_VERSION)';
set xlabel 'Test Method';
set ylabel 'MB/s';
plot '-' using 2:xtic(1) with boxes notitle
"
fi
fi
LOGFILE="usb-benchmark-$(date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S).log"
{
echo "Benchmark for USB device: $USB_DEVICE"
echo "Mounted at: $MOUNT_PATH"
echo "Ubuntu version: $UBUNTU_VERSION"
echo "Test file: $TEST_FILE"
echo "Timestamp: $(date)"
echo "Number of runs: $RUNS"
echo ""
echo "Read speed averages:"
for line in "${RESULTS[@]}"; do
echo "$line"
done
} > "$LOGFILE"
echo "📝 Results saved to: $LOGFILE"
echo "📈 CSV exported to: $CSVFILE"
echo "==================================="
}
# ==========================
# MAIN
# ==========================
check_required_tools
detect_usb
find_test_file
run_benchmarks
You van also find the latest revision of this script as a GitHub Gist.
Lessons Learned
This script has grown from a simple one-liner into a reliable tool to test USB read performance. Working with ChatGPT sped up development significantly, especially for bash edge cases and regex. But more importantly, it helped guide the evolution of the script in a structured way, with clean modular functions and consistent formatting.
Conclusion
This has been a fun and educational project. Whether you are benchmarking your own USB drives or just want to learn more about shell scripting, I hope this walkthrough is helpful.
Next up? Maybe a graphical version, or write benchmarking on a RAM disk to avoid damaging flash storage.
Stay tuned—and let me know if you use this script or improve it!